Effect Of Different Concentrations Of Vitamin C

Effect Of Different Concentrations Of Vitamin C This project was designed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of vitamin C solution on seed germination of Brassica parachinensis or Choy Sum. Seeds treated with vitamin C solutions of various concentrations were used and germination percentage was calculated. Seeds were soaked in vitamin C solutions of increasing concentrations for 12 hours, dried and then sown in germinating trays. The seeds were watered with the same amount of vitamin C solution of respective concentrations. After 36 hours, the number of germinated seeds was counted and the germination percentage was calculated and recorded. Results showed that the germination percentage increases as low concentration of vitamin C solution was used. It was shown that 1% of vitamin C solution gave the highest germination percentage. A statistical analysis using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient showed a statistically significant negative linear relationship between concentration of vitamin C and germi nation percentage since the calculated r value was greater than critical value at 5% significant level. Introduction In order to increase productivity, it is important to improve overall growth and performance of agricultural crops. Germination rate in particular is crucial because an increase in germination rate is usually followed by an improvement of overall seedling performance   thus enhancing overall plant growth and productivity.(Parera and Cantliffe, 1991).   There are many factors affecting seed germination such as temperature, humidity, presence of light and seed dormancy. Recently, there is also evidence to support a link between certain biochemical characteristics and seed vigour.(Randhir and Shetty, 2003) Fast oxidation of fatty acids and proteins can reduce viability, vigour and germination percentage in seeds.11 Vitamin C or ascorbic acid is one of the most widely taken dietary supplement.5 It is an antioxidant which is an essential nutrient for living organisms as it protects the body against oxidative stress. Vitamin C is made naturally in plants but the amount depends on the variety of plant and external factors on which the plants grow.1 Ascorbic acid is an important metabolite involved in many cellular processes, including cell division (De Gara et al., 2003). Ascorbate has been shown to play multiple roles in plant growth, such as in cell division, cell wall expansion, and other developmental processes. It can act as a coenzyme for numerous metabolic enzymes and has recently been shown to be a potent antioxidant.12 Figure 1: The oxidation of ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid 6 (410 words) Vitamin C interacts with oxidants in an oxidation reaction where ascorbic acid is oxidised to dehydroascorbic acid through an ascorbyl radical intermediate.8 The oxidized forms of ascorbate are relatively unreactive, and do not cause cellular damage. They can be converted back to ascorbate by cellular enzymes.4 Application of ascorbic acid exogenously may influence various processes in plants including seed germination, ion uptake and transport, and membrane permeability.12 Structure of vitamin C or L-ascorbic acid  or Dehydroascorbic acid   L-ascorbate 4 (nominal oxidized form  of Vitamin C) 4 Previous reports show some conflicting evidence about the effect of vitamin C towards seed germination. While some researchers say that vitamin C can promote seed vigour as in pea (Pisum Sativum) seeds, 12 some state that its presence will inhibit seed germination as in soybean seed.13 Defined in the qualitative term, seed vigour is the sum of those properties of the  seed  which determine the potential level of  activity and performance of the  seed or seed  lot during germination and seedling emergence.12 Seeds of genus Brassica are used in this experiment because the seeds are small and have a short life cycle. Therefore, experiment can be done within few days and the seeds can be used in large number with less space needed. Hence, this experiment was aimed to explore the benefits of vitamin C which is an antioxidant which may help to increase plant resistance that leads to enhanced crops. (647 words) Experimental Hypothesis The lower the concentration of vitamin C solution, the higher the germination percentage of Brassica parachinensis Null Hypothesis There is no correlation between different concentrations of vitamin C solutions and the germination percentage of Brassica parachinensis (685 words) Planning Trials Trial experiment was conducted to determine the best range of concentrations of vitamin C solution to be used and the reasonable methods and procedures so that good results are obtained. Methods Involved Preparing vitamin C solution of different concentrations Since the source of vitamin C used is the vitamin C tablet, the best method chosen is the serial dilation method. During trial, concentrations tested are 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, 10% and 0%. The basic stock solution of 100% was prepared by dissolving 100mg of vitamin C tablet in 100ml distilled water in a 300ml beaker. Other concentrations were made by serial dilution method. To prepare 50% concentration of vitamin C solution, same amount of 100% solution and distilled water were added together. Equal amount of 100% and 50% concentrations were mixed up to make 75% concentration and so on. Sowing the seeds The seeds were primed in 6 different Petri dishes for 12 hours according to its respective concentration. Another 6 Petri dishes were labelled. Layers of cotton of the same thickness were put into Petri dishes and moisten with the same volume of vitamin C solution of different concentrations. Soaked seeds with similar size were chosen and took out of Petri dish using a pair of forceps. They are then dried using paper towels and were sown in labelled Petri dishes. (909 words) In the first trial, 25 seeds were soaked in different concentrations of vitamin C solution while another 25 seeds were not soaked before being sown. This is to determine whether it is necessary to soak seeds or not before sowing. 36 hours after sowing seeds Concentration/% Number of seeds germinated Soaked seeds 0 15 10 16 50 1 Table 1 shows the number of soaked and unsoaked seeds after 36 hours In the second trial, each group of 25 seeds were soaked in different concentrations before being sown. This is to determine the best range of concentrations of vitamin C for main experiment. 36 hours after sowing seeds Concentration/% Number of seed germinated Trial 1 Trial 2 Mean 0 15 16 16 10 18 16 17 25 5 5 5 50 1 3 2 75 2 1 2 100 1 0 1 Table 2 shows germination percentage of seeds soaked in different concentrations (1075 words) Results After 36 hours of sowing, the number of seeds germinated was counted and germination percentage was calculated. Germination is claimed to have occurred when the radicle was visibly extended from the seed, protruding through a fracture in the seed coat. The result was tabulated. Based on the results obtained after trials were carried out, there were a few things that could be done to improve result. Firstly, more seeds should be used so that the result will be more significant. For the real experiment, 50 seeds were used instead of 25 seeds. Seeds were primed for 12 hours because priming is important as seed coat contains some chemicals that inhibit germination. Seed priming is a common agronomic technique shown to cause an increase  seed vigour,  as well as synchronize and accelerate  germination, improve stress resistance, and enhance overall  plant  growth and productivity.12 However, some of the seeds start to germinate and fractures on seed coat could be observed if the seeds were primed for too long. Besides, the range of concentration to be used in real experiment was determined to be between 0% to 10% concentrations because both showed high percentage of seed germination with only slight difference in value. Seeds soaked in 100% concentration showed the lowest germination percentage. The germination of seeds was almost totally inhibited in this solution. Fractures on the seed coats were observed but radicles were not extended significantly. Besides, after carrying out trial experiment, I realized that it was better to sow seeds in germinating tray rather than in Petri dishes as Petri dish is round-shaped which made it difficult for me to count the number of seeds germinated. (1351 words) Main experiment Variables Manipulated: Concentration of vitamin C solution Different concentrations of vitamin C are prepared using the same serial dilution technique as in trials. But this time using smaller range of concentrations of 10%, 7.5%, 5%, 2.5%, 1% and 0% (distilled water). But for smaller concentration, micropipette is used instead of measuring cylinder to make up the total volume of 100ml. Responding: Germination percentage (%) Germination percentage is calculated using the following equation; Germination is said to occur when radicle emerges (>2mm) after 36 hours. Constant: mass of vitamin C (100mg/tablet), volume of solution used for soaking seeds (20ml/Petri dish) and volume of solution used to moisten cotton (60ml/tray) and environmental factors (light intensity, temperature, and humidity), period of soaking, type and number of seeds. All trays were placed under normal white fluorescent lamp and on a laboratory table at 28ËÅ ¡C. Apparatus and materials Apparatus: 300ml beakers, Petri dishes, measuring cylinders, germinating trays, stirring rod, micropipette, and pestle and mortar. Materials: Distilled water, 100mg vitamin C tablet, cotton, choy sum seeds, and paper towels. (1535 words) Safety precautions Gloves were worn when handling vitamin C tablet to prevent tablet from contamination. Micropipette was used with care. The tip of micropipette was always checked to ensure that there is no air bubbles inside it as this may reduce the actual volume required for each concentration. Glass wares like beakers and measuring cylinders were handled gently since the apparatus may break easily. This may lead to injuries. Soaked seeds were transferred gently using forceps as they are very fragile. Data collections of main study Number of seeds used in every concentration: 50 Soaking for 12 hours Observations after soaking seeds for 36 hours Concentration (%) Number of seeds germinated Mean number of seeds germinated Replicate 1 Replicate 2 Replicate 3 0.0 45 44 43 44 1.0 48 48 47 48 2.5 42 39 38 40 5.0 41 42 43 42 7.5 35 35 34 35 10.0 34 33 33 33 Table 2 shows the germination percentage for seeds treated with different concentrations (1712 words) Sample calculation (taken values from 0% concentration) Germination percentage: =44/50 x 100 =88% (1749 words) Statistical analysis For this experiment, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PMCC) was used to measure the strength of linear dependence between the two variables; the different concentrations and the germination percentage. The values obtained are normally distributed. The correlation coefficient, r ranges from -1 to 1. A value of 1 implies that a linear equation describes the relationship between X and Y perfectly for which Y increases as X increases. A value -1 implies correlation in which Y decreases as X increases. A value of 0 implies that there is no linear correlation between the variables. x 0.0 1.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 ÃŽ £x=26 y 88 96 80 84 70 66 ÃŽ £y=484 x2 0.0 1.00 6.25 25.0 56.25 100.0 ÃŽ £x2=188.5 y2 7744 9216 6400 7056 4900 4356 ÃŽ £y2=39672 xy 0.0 96 200 420 525 660 ÃŽ £xy=1901 Table 3 shows the calculations done in calculating the values of r Sx = x2 = 188.5 (26)2/6 = 75.833 Sy = y2 = 39672 (484)2/6 = 629.33 Sxy = xy = 1901 [(26) (484)]/6 = -196.33 (1933 words) To find correlation coefficient, r r = r = -196.33/ (75.8331/2 x 629.331/2) r = -0.899 (negative sign indicates negative correlation between variables) Degree of freedom = n -2 n = # of pairs of data = 6 2 = 4 Level of significance for two-tailed test .10 .05 .02 1 .988 .997 .9995 2 .900 .950 .980 3 .805 .878 .934 4 .729 .811 .882 5 .669 .754 .833 6 .621 .707 .789 Table 4 shows the critical values for PMCC The value of r obtained was compared with the critical value from Table 4 at 5% significance level. r = 0.899 > 0.811 (critical value) at 5% significance level An analysis using PMCC demonstrated a statistically significant negative linear relationship between concentration of vitamin C and germination percentage since calculated r value was greater than the critical value at 5% significance level. Therefore, null hypothesis can be rejected. (2093 words) Data analysis Based on the data collected in Table 2, it was shown that low concentration of vitamin C did promote germination of choy sum to a certain extent. The statistical analysis using PMCC further verified the correlation. The table also revealed that only low concentration of vitamin C was needed to hasten germination since under 10% concentration, seeds germinated at a lower rate (66%). Graph 1 illustrates clearly the general trend and relationship between the variables, the lower the concentration of vitamin C, the lower the germination rate of choy sum. The highest germination rate (96%) was recorded by seeds sown in 1% vitamin C concentration which was the lowest concentration used. However, it can be seen that the line is fluctuating downwards and there is a linear graph showing that the values obtained were due to certain errors that lead to some anomalous results. At 5% concentration of vitamin C, we can see that the germination rate is slightly higher than that of 2.5% but it is not supposed to be so. Some of errors that may occur during experiment are Mixing error when preparing solutions of different concentrations by serial dilution. The thickness of cotton layer in germinating tray may not be constant throughout the tray so vitamin C solution with thinner cotton layer may get evaporated faster thus absorption of solution is less for the seed in that tray Some of seeds may have been initially damaged so germination may not happen (2342 words) The germination percentage was compared with the result from other published academic journals. The germination percentage against day graph below shows the results from journal titled Effect of vitamin C and folic acid on seed vigour response and phenolic-linked antioxidant activity from source 12. It shows that the optimum concentration of vitamin C for pea seed to germinate is 500micromol/dm3. Using appropriate calculations, it can be calculated that 10% concentration is approximately equal to 500micromol/dm3.9 Thus, the germination percentage of pea seed in 10% concentration is highest compared to other concentrations. However, the result I obtained for highest germination percentage for Brassica parachinensis was different. This can be due to some errors and limitations occurred during experiment or the fact that they are of different types of seed which is further discussed in limitation and modification part. In this experiment, the constant or controlled variable is the use of distilled water (0% concentration). Since the results showed that the difference between germination rate between 0% and 1% concentration was very small (only about 8%), this indicated that the effect of vitamin C on seed vigour may be too little. Even though the effect is little, it cannot be denied that this little help from vitamin C can give a huge impact on agricultural sector as it is able to promote seed germination therefore improving mass production of plants rather than watering seeds with water only. (2577 words) Evaluation Seeds are exposed to various biotic and abiotic stresses during germination. Oxidative stress for example, caused by the production of high level of reactive oxygen intermediates such as O2, O2-, H2O2, and HO- can lead to the destruction of cells.4 Presence of low concentration of exogenous vitamin C stimulates seed vigour as it minimises oxidative stress by scavenging these reactive oxygen species. Many oxidants contain an unpaired electron so they are highly reactive. These free radicals are damaging because they can interact with other molecules resulting in a whole chain of free radical reactions. Ascorbate can terminate these chained radical reactions by serving as a stable (electron + proton) donor in interactions with free radicals.4 However, high concentration of vitamin C solution inhibits seed germination because as solution becomes more concentrated, more water from cells diffuse out causing cellular membrane leakage.3 Besides that, being a good electron donor, excess ascorbate in the presence of free metal ions can not only promote, but also initiate free radical reactions, thus making it a potentially dangerous pro-oxidative compound in certain metabolic contexts.8 We hypothesize that whether vitamin C has a net pro oxidant or antioxidant effect depends on the concentration of vitamin C solution.8 With relation to improving  seed vigour  through stimulation of  phenolic  synthesis, it has been suggested that exogenously applied  phenolic antioxidants may be able to stimulate endogenous  phenolic  content in plants  (Randhir and Shetty, 2003  and  Randhir et al., 2002). Due to its inherent  antioxidant  potential, vitamin C seems to be a suitable growth regulator in increasing  seed vigour and phenolic  elicitation. In this study, we have hypothesized that the treatment of plants with  vitamin C  as exogenous  seed treatments may result in an increase in both biochemical and traditional agronomic indicators of  seed vigour.11 (2873 words) Limitations and modifications One of the limitations in this experiment is the changing surrounding temperature. The seeds were left in laboratory room where the temperature may fluctuate over time. This may affect the germinating time of the seeds and the number of germinated seed after 36 hours. Besides temperature, humidity and light intensity were also uncontrolled. Since all seeds were exposed to the same environmental factors, the result is considered to be reliable. Besides that, some seeds may have been initially damaged before soaking or sowing. Therefore, vitamin C solution may not be the actual cause of inhibition of seed germination. The seeds are chosen only by physical measures such as similarity in size, shape and colour and seed coat is not broken. However, limitations can be overcome by using a large number of seeds and the experiment is repeated for a few times to ensure that result obtained is reliable and enough to support conclusion. This investigation tests only on the effectiveness of vitamin C solution on seed germination without exposing seeds to other biotic stress such as salinity or abiotic stress such as exposure to sunlight. Modifications could be made by introducing a biotic or abiotic stress to the seed and observe if vitamin C still stimulates seed germination or otherwise. Different types of seed may have different result with vitamin C solution. So, using seeds from one type of plant may not be able to indicate how vitamin C actually acts on seed. As vitamin C may enhance seed vigour in certain species, it could do otherwise to other species. Hence, the same experiment should be done to seeds from other species to see how they are affected by vitamin C solution. Conclusion The lower the concentration of vitamin C, the higher the germination rate of Brassica parachinensis seeds. This is due to the antioxidant properties of vitamin C which acts against the oxidative stress. The optimum vitamin C concentration for seed germination is 1%. (3200 words) Source Evaluation I have referred to various sources in conducting my research. Sources 1, 2, 3 and 4 are from Wikipedia which has been the largest and most popular general  reference work  on the  internet. Although many have doubts over its reliability as it can be edited by anyone with access to the site but it is cited and linked to many other literatures and academic researches around the globe. Source 5 is a website written by health experts on health and medicine. Source 6 is a website that provides information written by university scholars with reference to other academic researches. Source 7 is reliable as it is written by  Dr. Bryan D. McKersie of  University  of  Guelph and is posted on the internet in 1996. Source 8 is a reliable source as it is an article by The American Society for Nutritional Sciences and was published in The Journal of Nutrition website in 2004. Source 9 has been a referral site to many people around the world. The information seems reliable as it is written by experts. Source 10 is a published book thus the information is reliable. Source 11 is a journal from ScienceDirect which I have accessed from my campus library. ScienceDirect is a leading full-text scientific database offering journal articles and book chapters from more than 2,500 peer-reviewed journals and more than 11,000 books. There are currently more than 9.5 million articles/chapters, a content base that is growing at a rate of almost 0.5 million additions per year. It is operated by the publisher Elsevier. Source 12 is a journal advised by an international Editorial Board and is abstracted or indexed by various research databases like the EBSCO and Elsevier. Source 13 is an article from the Journal of Biological Chemistry.

Judy Bradys I Want a Wife Essay

In Judy Brady’s â€Å"I Want a Wife† she talks about the tasks of a desired wife. There are certain things and duties required for a housewife to do. Brady describes all the helpful things done for a husband and children without even realizing all the responsibility and what she is doing. No one ever acknowledges that things done by a wife can be done by someone who was not a wife, but instead a man. Judy realizes she supports her husband so he can go back to school. She keeps the house clean. She has to be sensitive to the needs of a man in general. There have been many studies about gender roles in a marriage. The wife seems to do a lot. Women feel sometimes they do too much. Married couples should be able to work together. Sometime when the wife does everything it puts a constraint on the marriage. A marriage not only needs to survive, but thrive. In a marriage a husband and wife should be able share the same roles as needed. Society has a perceived notion of this. Everything today in a marriage should be able to be shifted back and forth as needed. This is all evidence that a marriage should be between two people who are willing to share all family responsibilities. It is a married couple’s responsibility to take control of any major problems they may have prior to marriage if possible. Research has shown that when men change roles in the family, there are many challenges for them. There seems to be many issues and problems when the man in the family shows the father involvement Fineman (17). For many years society did not know much about the changing of gender roles in a family. The husband should be able to do anything when needed. Statistics show that the effects of a fathers’ involvement with their children can sometimes cause angry reactions Kefalas (845). This can lead to divorce at times. Based on the evidence that spousal conflict adversely influences physiology and health, negative impact does affect the husband also. The stronger impact of relationship negativity contributes to the decreased marriage benefit for men also. Evidence bearing on two explanations for this differential impact of conflict is reviewed. The relational-interdependence view, proposed by Kiecolt-Glaser and Newton (473), holds that men can be affected by marital conflict because of their more independent self-representations. Men do experience physiological and psychological reactivity to marital discord at times, but typically they do occupy the more powerful positions relative to their wives. Monin (5-6). Researchers have said that gender roles are interesting. In the past, clear gender roles for husband and wife had been understood within the context of the marriage. Today there are fewer clearly defined models for contemporary marriage gender roles and how these roles ought to be lived out. It must be admitted that in some cases, a lack of clear gender roles weakens the marriage. However, when a husband and a wife have the freedom to bring to a marriage his or her whole self, and not just live a traditional gender role, the American marriage has been strengthened by feminist theory. It was said years ago there is one kind of marriage that has not been tried and that is a contract made by equal parties to lead an equal life, with equal restraints and privileges on either side. â€Å"Treckel says, so far we have had men marriage and nothing more†. Treckel (1995 ). Change is not easy, but change is happening. Through education, hopefully more people will see the benefits offered to contemporary marriage by these changes. A real common concern among researchers is that men let the wife take care of everything. Society has heard jokes about â€Å"who wears the pants in the family. † Yet, leadership in the home is no laughing matter. During the last few decades our culture has redefined the meaning and responsibilities of man and woman in society and in the home Martin (421). Many men are confused and insecure. Many do not know how to act in the home. Growing up, they lacked a good model for leadership at home and have no mental picture of what it means to lead a family. Consequently, they do not lead effectively, or they do not even try. Increasingly, many men are becoming passive in the home. They have decided that the easiest thing to do is nothing. The simplest thing-with the smallest risk-is to stay on the fence with both feet firmly planted in mid-air and let the wife do it. When a man is married to a strong wife who will take over, he often lets her do just that Nock (2). By providing these studies there is still a problem today in society that men themselves think the wife in a marriage should take control. They figure they work so the wife can hold down the fort. Mentally there is no real scientific evidence that states why a man feels this way in his mind. If there are going to be responsible parties in a marriage it should be both. It takes two to run a household and makes things run smoothly Christian (34). Researchers said by talking to people, women would not achieve equal opportunities at work until their men folk contributed more to looking after the home. Gender inequalities in all areas are rooted in social structures. They are also in ones attitude. It is difficult to see how women will ever have the same opportunities in the labor market if equality at home is not achieved Yu (651-668). In a large group of men and women were asked about everyday chores, such as the laundry, cleaning, cooking food, shopping, looking after sick relatives and carrying out repairs. But men only made a significant contribution by mending faulty items around the house. At least two-thirds of women said it was usually them who carried out the other tasks, rising to eighty five percent for doing the laundry. More than half of men and even more women, seven out of ten, agreed that men should pull their weight more. Similar proportions also believed that men should also be more involved in looking after children. Nearly three in four adults said it was right for both men and women to work to bring in money. Kalmijn (26). But only eight percent believed that mothers of the under-fives should be in full-time jobs. Nearly half thought that pre-school youngsters were likely to lose out if their mothers worked and that family life suffered when women had full-time jobs. This month, it emerged that mothers who stay at home to look after children under five were in the minority for the first time Yapp (56). By reading the studies about marriage and men pulling their weight, couples must be able to rely on each other to address tasks and responsibilities. Many couples early on enter the marriage with the belief that the other will automatically know what is expected. The Trouble is, both likely hold different opinions as to the expectations of the other. It is difficult for couples to pull their weight when they do not know what the other person may be thinking. This is like starting a new job without knowing anything about the job. It does not matter who cleans around the house, how finances are handled, or how the groceries are obtained, discuss what is to be expected in the beginning. In conclusion Judy Brady’s â€Å"I Want a Wife† told a story of a desired wife. The desired wife in her story seemed to be the head of the house. This was unfortunate due to her husband. In Brady’s eye a husband should be the head of the household. Most women in a marriage just want things to be shared equally. All Brady is saying is that men need to do their share. In life every day we experience gender issues. This is experienced from home to work. This gender has become a label. Women and men experience gender side effects every day. Gender relates to society. Expectations in a marriage need to be between two married people and not one sided.

Russian Numbers 1-100 Pronunciation and Usage

Numbers are used a lot in Russian everyday life. Whether you need to ask which bus to take or are buying something in a shop, you will need to know how to use the numerical system in Russian. Russian  cardinal numbers tell the quantity of something. They are easy to learn and tend to follow a simple structure.   Numbers 1 - 10 Russian Number English Translation Pronunciation one aDEEN two DVAH three TREE four chyTYry five PHYAT six SHEST seven SYEM eight VOsyem nine DYEvyt ten DYEsyt Numbers 11-19 To form these numbers, simply add NATtsat to one of the numbers from 1 to 9. Russian Number English Translation Pronunciation eleven aDEEnatsat twelve dvyNATtsat thirteen tryNATtsat fourteen chyTYRnatsat fifteen pytNATtsat sixteen shystNATtsat seventeen symNATtsat eighteen vasymNATtsat nineteen dyevytNATtsat Numbers 20-30 To form any number from 20 onwards, add a number between 1 and 9 to 20, 30, 40, etc. The number 30 is formed in a similar way to 20, by adding Ð ´Ã'†Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å' to Ð ´Ã ²Ã ° and Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¸: Ð ´Ã ²Ã ° Ð ´Ã'†Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ´Ã ²Ã °Ã ´Ã'†Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å' (twenty)Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¸ Ð ´Ã'†Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ´Ã'†Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å' (thirty) Russian Number English Translation Pronunciation twenty DVATtsat twenty-one DVATtsat aDEEN twenty-two DVATtsat DVAH twenty-three DVATtsat TREE twenty-four DVATtsat cyTYry twenty-five DVATtsat PYAT twenty-six DVATtsat SHEST twenty-seven DVATtsat SYEM twenty-eight DVATtsat VOHsyem twenty-nine DVATtsat DYEvyt thirty TREEtsat Numbers 40-49 The number 40 is quite different from the other numbers in the 20-100 sequence and has a name that does not follow the same rules as the other numbers. However, all the numbers from 41 to 49 have the same structure as the ones in the 21-29 group, and are formed in the same way. This is also the case for all other groups of 1-9 numbers added to a multiple of ten (20-100). Russian Number English Translation Pronunciation forty SOruk forty-one Soruk aDEEN Numbers 50, 60, 70, and 80 Created by adding 5, 6, 7, or 8, and the particle Ð ´Ã µÃ' Ã' Ã'‚; these numbers are easy to remember. Russian Number English Translation Pronunciation fifty pyatdySYAT sixty shestdySYAT seventy SYEMdysyat eighty VOsyemdysyat Number 90 Number 90 should simply be memorized, as it is unique in the way it is formed. However, all other numbers between 91 and 99 follow the same structure as the others and are created by adding a number from 1 to 9 to Ð ´Ã µÃ ²Ã' Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾. Russian Number English Translation Pronunciation ninety dyevyeNOStuh Number 100 The number 100 is  Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾ in Russian, pronounced sto.   Ordinal Numbers in Russian Ordinal numbers indicate order or position. Unlike in English, Russian ordinal numbers change their endings based on the case, number, and gender that they are in. The numbers below are in the nominative singular masculine. You will need to learn these first before learning the rules of declension. Russian Number English Translation Pronunciation first PYERvy second ftaROY third TRYEty fourth chytVYORty fifth PYAty sixth shysTOY seventh sydMOY eighth vasMOY ninth dyVYAty tenth dySYAty Have a look at the way the word Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð ²Ã'‹Ð ¹ (the first)  changes according to its case. Russian Case Russian Number Pronunciation English Translation Nominative PYERvy the first (one) Genitive PYERvovo of the first (one) Dative PYERvamoo to the first (one) Accusative PYERvy the first (one) Instrumental PYERvym by the first (one) Prepositional () (Oh) PYERvum about the first (one) Examples: - Ð  Ã °Ã ·Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã'€ Ã'ˆÐ µÃ » Ð ¾ Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ¼ Ð ´Ã µÃ »Ã µ.-  razgaVOR SHYOL ah PYERvum DYElye.-  The conversation was about the first case. - Ð Ã'Æ', Ã'  Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð ²Ã'‹Ð ¼ Ð ¿Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã ºÃ'‚Ð ¾Ã ¼ Ð ²Ã' Ã µ Ã' Ã' Ã ½Ã ¾, Ð ´Ã °Ã ²Ã °Ã ¹Ã'‚Ð µ Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ ¹Ã ´Ã µÃ ¼ Ð ºÃ ¾ Ð ²Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¼Ã'Æ', Ð ¸ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ±Ã'‹Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ µ.-  Nu, s PYERvym POOnktum VSYO YASnuh, pyeryDYOM kaftaROmu, ee pabystRYEye.-  Right, the first point is clear, lets move on to the second one, and lets be quick. Ordinal numbers also change when they are in the plural: Russian Case Russian Number Pronunciation English Translation Nominative PYERvyye the first ones Genitive PYERvyh of the first ones Dative PYERvym to the first ones Accusative PYERvyye the first ones Instrumental PYERvymee by the first ones Prepositional oh PYERvykh about the first ones Examples: - ПÐ µÃ'€Ð ²Ã'‹Ð ¼Ã ¸ Ð ¾Ã ± Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¼ Ã'Æ'Ð ·Ã ½Ã °Ã »Ã ¸ Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ¸ Ð ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã »Ã µÃ ³Ã ¸.-  PYERvymee ab EHtum oozNAlee maYEE kaLYEghee-  The first ones to find out were my colleagues. - ПÐ µÃ'€Ð ²Ã'‹Ð ¼ Ð ´Ã µÃ »Ã ¾Ã ¼ Ð ½Ã °Ã ´Ã ¾ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ´Ã ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'Ã' Ã' .-  PYERvym DYElum NAduh pazdaROvatsya.-  The first thing you need to do is say hello. Ordinal numbers also change by gender: Case Translation Masculine Pronunciation Feminine Pronunciation Neutral Pronunciation Nominative Second ftaROY ftaRAya ftaROye Genitive (Of) the second ftaROva ftaROY ftaROva Dative (To) the second ftaROmu ftaROY ftaROmu Accusative Second ftaROY ftaROOyu ftaROye Instrumental (By) the second ftaRYM ftaROY ftaRYM Prepositional (About) the second ftaROM ftaROY ftaROM Compound Ordinal Numbers For compound ordinal numbers, you only need to change the last word. In compound ordinal numbers only the last word is an ordinal number, while the other words remain cardinal numbers. This is similar to the way compound ordinal numbers are formed in English, for example: twenty seven - twenty seventh. Note how in the table below the only number that changes is Ã'ˆÐ µÃ' Ã'‚Ã'Å', while the other two numbers remain exactly the same. Case Translation Masculine Pronunciation Feminine Pronunciation Neutral Pronunciation Plural All Genders Pronunciation Nominative (One) hundred and thirty-sixth STOH TRITsat shysTOY STOH TRITsat shysTAya STOH TRITsat shysTOye STOH TRITsat shysTYye Genitive (Of) the (one) hundred and thirty-sixth one STOH TRITsat shysTOva STOH TRITsat shysTOY STOH TRITsat shysTOva STOH TRITsat shysTYKH Dative (To) the (one) hundred and thirty-sixth STOH TRITsat shysTOmu STOH TRITsat shysTOY STOH TRITsat shysTOmu STOH TRITsat shysTYM Accusative (One) hundred and thirty-sixth STOH TRITsat shysTOY STOH TRITsat shysTOOyu STOH TRITsat shysTOye FTOH TRITsat shysTYye Instrumental (By) the (one) hundred and thirty-sixth one STOH TRITsat shysTYM STOH TRITsat shysTOY STOH TRITsat shysTYM STOH TRITsat shysTYmi Prepositional (About) the hundred and thirty-sixth one STOH TRITsat shysTOM STOH TRITsat shysTOY STOH TRITsat shysTOM STOH TRITsat shysTYKH

Adopt and Save a Life Essay - 1553 Words

Though we do not realize many animals have a life as this dog has had. Studies show that more animals in the United States are being euthanized every day due to the fact of overpopulation of animals, serious injury or diseases, puppy mills and natural disasters. According to the Humane Society of the United States, they estimated that in 2013, animal shelters care for about six to eight million dogs and cats every year, of this approximately three to four million are euthanized (Pet Overpopulation). This stated would mean that about one animal every eight seconds is euthanized a day. There is no central data reporting agencies of animal shelters to keep track of how many animals are put down so the numbers are estimated. Either†¦show more content†¦This can contribute to pet overpopulation because the pet owner does not want to get their animals spayed or neutered, and then their pet does reproduce. The American Humane Association believes that all cats and dogs adopte d from public or private animal care and control facilities should be spayed or neutered which will help reduce the number of euthanized animals (Pet Overpopulation). Owners that have pregnant pets normally do not want to keep the babies and then either put them into a plastic bag outside of a grocery store or let them run loose in the streets to die. The people that leave puppies and kittens at a grocery store or left out in the streets have a cold heart because leaving a puppy or kitten is like leaving a baby to fend for him or herself. They do not have the ability to know how to keep themselves safe or find food. Puppy mills contribute to pet overpopulation and cause countless animals’ lifetimes of suffering in small wire cages and cause older animals to be euthanized as a result. Most people would rather have a puppy then an older dog, as they want to raise the animal there way, and not have to break bad habits that may come with an older dog. They believe that with a puppy they will not have any unknown problems, which can come from getting an older dog, for this reason puppy mills are popular. A puppy mill is aShow MoreRelatedSave a Life and Adopt from an Animal Shelter563 Words   |  2 Pagesspace at shelters and too few people adopting, 3-4 million dogs and cats are euthanized each year in the United States. It is truly shocking and sad to thinking almost three million dogs and cats are euthanized each year. Most people do not want to adopt a dog or cat from a shelter because they do not know what they are getting themselves into. 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